In addition to the connection with oxygen (H2O), hydrogen is particularly often combined with carbon. Both compounds, water and hydrocarbons, have led to the flowering of life on our home planet. Hydrocarbons are not only the focus of organic chemistry, but in their fossil version the motor of our economic system. Our organisms are not only composed of water and hydrocarbons, the modern civilization of our species is also based on the intensive use of coal, natural gas and oil.
One of these terrestrial hydrocarbon compounds is methanol. With the empirical formula CH3OH, methanol allows itself not only hydrogen and carbon, but also the luxury of polarizing oxygen. In the article on the Potentials of the methanol economy it is presented as a sustainable pioneer in a post-fossil world. Innovative paths of methanol production can bind the greenhouse gas number one, carbon dioxide, and return it to the carbon cycle. The speed of construction of these CCU paths is mainly dependent on the political framework and the Amount of the CO2 price dependent. Many countries are already using methanol.
From the perspective of the hydrogen economy, methanol, as the simplest alcohol, is a first-class LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier), which only weakens the weakness of molecular H2, only at very low temperatures (- 252 ° C) or very high pressures (700 bar) to be balanced. There is a greater amount of hydrogen in one liter of liquid methanol (98 g) than in 1 liter of liquefied hydrogen (70 g). So methanol is an effective and safe carrier of hydrogen. The methanol industry in turn needs hydrogen for the production path via CO2, which suggests a close symbiosis of both energy sources. Both make use of resources that were previously unused in their manufacture: hydrogen on excess electricity and methanol on CO2. Sector coupling and closing of circuits are important system functions that can be taken over by the methanol and hydrogen industry. Both system approaches benefit from the expansion of the respective colleague.
3 comments on “The biogenic production of hydrogen”
Hydrogen as an "energy source"? Now we have to pay taxpayers once again billions to research institutions and industry just to have another look at how hydrogen can be used as "energy".
Germany started the hydrogen age at 5 p.m. on May 1999, 12.
At that time, the “world's first public” hydrogen filling station went into operation at Munich Airport. It was the first step in the much-vaunted hydrogen economy. In 2006 the next German superlative in hydrogen came into being. The “world's largest” hydrogen filling station opened in the middle of Berlin.
The future had also begun in Hamburg and Stuttgart. Both cities operated three fuel cell buses as part of the European CUTE project (Clean Urban Transport for Europe) until the end of 2006; The HyFLEET: CUTE follow-up project started in early 2007. Hamburg had increased its fleet from 3 fuel cell buses to a total of 9. Berlin had purchased 14 buses with hydrogen combustion engines. At the beginning of 2007, another European project was launched: As part of "HyChain Minitrans", more than 2010 small vehicles powered by fuel cells should be on the roads by 150.
With news like this, one might think that the age of clean transportation using pollutant-free hydrogen is finally within reach. But the impression could not be more wrong: While publicly funded projects are continuing their celebrated progress everywhere, some experts increasingly come to the conclusion after a calculation that the journey into the hydrogen economy is actually a wooden path.
When BMW presented its Hydrogen 2006, a hydrogen-powered 7 Series, in 7 with the defined goal that celebrities from politics and business should drive the model, then Bundestag Vice President Katrin Göring-Eckhardt (Greens) rejected the 7 Series BMW because of its poor energy balance . Group colleague Toni Hofreiter refused an invitation to present on the grounds that: "A car that swallows 100 liters in 50 km in XNUMX km at the beginning of the third millennium cannot claim sustainability."
It appears that our politicians assume that hydrogen is an almost inexhaustible source of energy and thus a tempting alternative to energy supply. You can be persuaded that all climate problems are solved in one fell swoop. The energy supply with hydrogen and fuel cells is fascinatingly clean, because hydrogen combines with the oxygen in the air and only a little electricity and water are required.
Everything is correct, and in view of such obvious facts, it is no wonder that the hydrogen idea fascinates the public, business and politics alike. The voices of the critics are still suppressed, especially since enthusiasts put a triumphant note on their trombone tones.
The former President of the European Commission announced the "European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Partnership" in early 2004. The transformation of our fossil-based economy into a "hydrogen-oriented economy" should therefore be completed by 2030. With widespread hydrogen pipelines that transport only regeneratively produced hydrogen, with ubiquitous fuel cells in traffic, in decentralized power generation at everyone's home and in thousands of small devices.
Around 6 million euros were spent in the EU's 300th Research Framework Program to achieve this vision. In Germany alone, around 2004 million euros flowed from the federal government, the federal states and the EU into hydrogen and fuel cell research in 85, and in 2005 the Merkel government also wrote a “national innovation program on hydrogen technologies” on the flag and in the coalition agreement. The then Federal Minister of Transport, Wolfgang Tiefensee, provided an additional 500 million euros in funding for the development of hydrogen cars. BMW and Mercedes gratefully accepted the gift.
But what is not answered when propagating a hydrogen revolution is where the huge amounts of hydrogen for this paradise on earth are supposed to come from: hydrogen is not an energy source like oil or natural gas.
Hydrogen is almost non-existent in nature. Instead, it is bound in water, biomass or fossil hydrocarbons such as coal and natural gas. Before the gas can be used as an energy supplier, it must be released from its existing connections. That costs a lot of energy - only a small part of which can then be stored in the released hydrogen.
Anyone who does the whole thing from front to back will come to the conclusion that the hydrogen economy cannot come. Hydrogen could never become competitive as an artificial source of energy that has to be produced at a loss using other energies.
The total energy consumption of diesel and petrol in the transport sector (710 TWh) corresponds approximately to the energy of Germany's total electricity consumption (650 TWh). With conversion losses one would need three times the capacity of today's power generation to max. Covering 50 percent of traffic needs with hydrogen.
Another problem is storage. Because the hydrogen atom is the smallest of all atoms. “Hydrogen contains three times more energy than gasoline, based on its weight, but the energy density per volume is much more important. And hydrogen does very, very badly there, ”said Martin Wietschel from the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) in Karlsruhe.
Frozen or under pressure
In order to use hydrogen as drive energy in cars with acceptable ranges, the gas on board must be stored either at very high pressures of up to 700 bar or in liquid form at minus 253 degrees.
Another disadvantage is that the tank content of a hydrogen car dissolves in air after a short time. Because the hydrogen atom is so small that it is hardly possible to seal all components against leakage in vapor form. Liquid hydrogen warms up over time and then simply evaporates. For a while, the hope for better tanks also rested on metal hydride stores that absorb gaseous hydrogen and release it when heated. However, they proved to be too expensive and heavy to be used only in submarines and ships, where both factors hardly play a role.
For the time being, only storage under high pressure or at low temperatures remains. However, both processes continue to contribute to the poor energy balance of hydrogen. Even the compression of gaseous hydrogen to 700 bar consumes 13 percent of the energy it contains, and even under this high pressure it has only about a third of the energy density of gasoline. All in all, not even half of the highly subsidized electrical wind photovoltaic energy that was used to generate the hydrogen ends up in the pressure tank. It looks worse with liquefaction. It eats between 30 and 50 percent of the energy in hydrogen. Transport is not included in these figures.
Overall, no more than 20 to 25 percent of the original “primary energy” arrives at the wheels of a hydrogen-powered fuel cell car. The hydrogen combustion engine is much less because of its poorer efficiency.
Scientists and engineers already calculated all of this in detail in “The Future of the Hydrogen Economy: Bright or Bleak?” At the beginning of 2003. Hydrogen economy is nothing more than a waste of energy. These are very simple engineering calculations! I blame the hydrogen prophets for not even understanding these calculations. There is no denying that the calculations are correct at Linde AG, one of the largest hydrogen producers in the world.
There is no doubt that Germany is 98 percent dependent on oil, the economy has to think and act strategically, then you have to think about what you can do because we have an energy and a CO2 problem.
There is no doubt about that - but I don't want to understand why the German economy pounced on hydrogen as an antidote. Even in 2020, 20 years after the beginning of the hydrogen age in Germany, there will be neither fuel cell cars at competitive prices nor affordable hydrogen for the foreseeable future.
The wind and photovoltaic lobby, however, do a different calculation today. The expansion has stalled because the power grids collapse when the wind farms are expanded due to strong winds and high levels of solar radiation. The companies in the wind farm industry do not want to do without the constantly bubbling billions of taxpayers. Therefore, they propose to advance the expansion of wind turbines against civil protests. The "overproductions" can then be converted into hydrogen and stored, which is then converted back into electricity when the wind is calm and at night. One thing is already evident without arithmetic skills; that will be quite expensive electricity!
The hydrogen prophets are happy to keep silent about the fact that every conversion from one energy source to another occurs. German private consumers are already paying the highest electricity price in Europe. Ascending trend!
Let me end with the words of a great German physicist.
When asked which the most common element in the universe was, Albert Einstein once answered: “Hydrogen and the stupidity of people. But I'm not quite sure about hydrogen. ”
Here are the data tables:
Thank you for the informative article! Mr Ahlers' comment and arguments are valid. That is why I see the area of application of hydrogen primarily in the industrial sector and not in the transport sector, especially in the car. I therefore see the NWS as an opportunity to replace the industrial demand for gray hydrogen with green hydrogen. The sealed off renewable energy output was 5,5 GWh last year. However, this electricity should be used! It should be examined whether this electricity can be used to produce hydrogen economically and sustainably in electrolysis plants.
The strong limitation of available hydrogen in the first years makes it a very valuable resource / commodity in the market. I agree that it makes a lot of sense to use limited, CO2-neutral hydrogen in industry. In an industrialized nation like Germany, the use of green hydrogen offers the greatest leverage in industry. The reduction of C02 in industrial processes is not only the hardest (high temperatures, 24/7 RE energy consumption), but also saves additional costs (CO2 price for certificates of the EU ETS), makes the German / European industry in the international price war Markets become even more competitive and thus secure jobs and prosperity. And not to use produced renewable electricity is actually the most senseless thing an energy industry can "treat" itself to.